TY - JOUR AU - Duflo,Esther AU - Dupas,Pascaline AU - Kremer,Michael TI - Peer Effects, Teacher Incentives, and the Impact of Tracking: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Kenya JF - National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series VL - No. 14475 PY - 2008 Y2 - November 2008 UR - http://www.nber.org/papers/w14475 L1 - http://www.nber.org/papers/w14475.pdf N1 - Author contact info: Esther Duflo Department of Economics MIT, E52-252G 50 Memorial Drive Cambridge, MA 02142 Tel: 617/258-7013 Fax: 617/253-6915 E-Mail: eduflo@mit.edu Pascaline Dupas Department of Economics Stanford University 579 Serra Mall Stanford, CA 94305-6072 E-Mail: pdupas@stanford.edu Michael Kremer Harvard University Department of Economics Littauer Center M20 Cambridge, MA 02138 Tel: 617/495-9145 Fax: 617/495-7730 E-Mail: mkremer@fas.harvard.edu AB - To the extent that students benefit from high-achieving peers, tracking will help strong students and hurt weak ones. However, all students may benefit if tracking allows teachers to present material at a more appropriate level. Lower-achieving pupils are particularly likely to benefit from tracking if teachers would otherwise have incentives to teach to the top of the distribution. We propose a simple model nesting these effects. We compare 61 Kenyan schools in which students were randomly assigned to a first grade class with 60 in which students were assigned based on initial achievement. In non-tracking schools, students randomly assigned to academically stronger peers scored higher, consistent with a positive direct effect of academically strong peers. However, compared to their counterparts in non-tracking schools, students in tracking schools scored 0.14 standard deviations higher after 18 months, and this effect persisted one year after the program ended. Furthermore, students at all levels of the distribution benefited from tracking. Students near the median of the pre-test distribution benefited similarly whether assigned to the lower or upper section. A natural interpretation is that the direct effect of high-achieving peers is positive, but that tracking benefited lower-achieving pupils indirectly by allowing teachers to teach at a level more appropriate to them. ER -